A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel often. A fuel cell is an electrochemical machine that generates electricity by a chemical reaction making a hydrogen fuel react with some oxidizing agent. For example, a pem was used by virginia techs hybridelectric chevy lumina for the 1999 future car challenge. This relatively new discipline aims to understand the basic transport and kinetic phenomena in a. They provide an immediate path to lower greenhouse gas ghg and air pollution emissions through increased energy efficiency, and this, in turn, leads to unique. Electrochemical energy systems mit opencourseware free.
Fuel cells california state university, northridge. Global militaries have long been developers of, and investors in, new technologies and innovations. An introduction to hydrogen fuel cells linkedin slideshare. Fuel cells and submarines fuel cell today, the leading. Fuel cells and leadacid batteries pdf prentice, geoffrey a. Two fuel cell related control problems are investigated in this study, namely, the control of the cathode oxygen supply for a highpressure direct hydrogen fuel cell system fcs and control of the anode hydrogen supply from a natural gas fuel processor system fps. However, alkaline fuel cells are easily poisoned by carbon dioxide. A generic fuel cell model for the simulation of fuel cell vehicles. Models for solid oxide fuel cell systems exploitation of models.
The limiting substance in the cell is copper sulfate which will run out in 72. Beginning with the underlying concepts, the discussion explores fuel cell thermodynamics, kinetics, transport, and modeling before moving into the application side with guidance on system. Fuel cell power systems possess certain generic characteristics, which may make them favorable for future power production compared with devices based primarily on rotating machinery using thermomechanical processes. This is very different to the type of engine in a car. The power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors, including the fuel cell type, size, temperature at which it operates, and pressure at which gases are supplied. Rather than extracting the chemical reactants from the plates inside the cells, a fuel cell uses hydrogen fuel and oxygen extracted from the air to produce electricity. Fuel cell fundamentals, ohayre, ryan, cha, sukwon, colella. In the first half of the 20th century, there were isolated attempts to develop fcs, such as by francis t. An electrochemicalbased fuel cell model suitable for. A single fuel cell produces barely enough voltage for even the smallest applications. In the simplest example, a fuel such as hydrogen is brought into the anode compartment and an. The high performance of alkaline fuel cells is due to the rate that chemical reactions occur in the cell. Design of a fuel cell system design of a specification of requirements for a fuel cell system for the electric power generation in a 77foot sailing ship master of science thesis sebastian emanuelsson jonatan persson department of energy and environment division of electric power engineering. Francis fuel cell operates in a combined heat and power application that produces up to 200 kw of baseload electricity and preheats boiler feed water with the heat recovered from the fuel cell.
This relatively new discipline aims to understand the basic transport and kinetic phenomena in a real cell and stack environment, paving the way for improved design and. The basic principles of a fuel cell are those of the electrochemical batteries. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that use hydrogen. Develop hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for early markets stationary power, lift trucks, portable power, mid term markets chp, apus, fleets and buses, and longterm markets light duty vehicles. The focus of this gap analysis is on stationary fuel cell applications. Of the different kinds of fuel cells, the proton exchange membrane type is identified as the unquestioned best candidate for the small vehicle. An overview for further information on cesas hydrogen and fuel cell activities, and to download all four re. The operating load of a fuel cell is a balance between the maximum power output and the maximum efficiency. Global fuel cell market includes pemfc, sofc, and dmfc as key product segments. Local hydrogen networks could also be used to fuel conventional or fuel cell vehicles. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading fuel cell fundamentals.
Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell into hydrogen and oxygen. In fuel cell research, the gap between fundamental electrochemical processes and the engineering of fuel cell systems is bridged by the physical modelling of fuel cells. Fuel cell technology reaching towards commercialization. In the1960s, international fuel cells in windsor connecticut developed a fuel cell power. A 2015 hydrogen and fuel cell development plan was created for each state in the northeast region massachusetts, vermont, new hampshire, connecticut, rhode island, maine, new york, and new jersey, with support from the united states u. The green edge of fuel cells doosan fuel cell america, inc. The primary components of a fuel cell are an ion conducting electrolyte, a cathode, and an anode, as shown schematically in fig. Ppt hydrogen fuel cells powerpoint presentation free. G o nfe o, cell 1 where n is the number of electrons transferred and f is faradays constant 96,475 cequiv. Chapter 3 in electrochemical engineering principles. To compete with the ice engines, however, fuel cell systems must operate and function at least as well as conventional engine. A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60% energy efficiency when operating at peak power and that offers a 325 wkg power density and 220 wl operating on hydrogen.
Fuel cells and leadacid batteries pdf ohayre chapter 2. The existence of these gaps represents barriers to the implementation of stationary fuel cell systems. The fuel cell itself is propelled by electricity generated by a hydrogenoxygen chemical. A fuel cell is an electrochemical machine that generates electricity by a chemical reaction making a hydrogen fuel. Molten carbonate fuel cell mcfc, solid oxide fuel cell sofc are explained, describing advantages and disadvan. A single fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes, an anode and a cathode. The cell will run out of copper sulfate much before it runs out of zinc. Principles of a fuel cell a fuel cell is an electrochemical cell, which can continuously and directly convert the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant to electrical energy by a process involving essentially electrodeelectrolyte system. For those seeking a current overview of stationary fuel cells, their status and applications, market developments, market players, economics and future potential, this is where to look.
Like a battery, each fuel cell comprises an electrolyte an. The industry is further categorized on application basis as stationary, portable, and transport. An overview of fuel cells currently under development. A clean, reliable source of stationary power stationary fuel cells and critical power applications advancing stationary fuel cells through state policies hydrogen production and storage. However, they assumed that the temperature was constant and uniform throughout the fuel cell body, anode volume, and cathode volume. Department of energy office of fossil energy national energy technology laboratory p. Fuel cell specification ocean observatories initiative. The first section thoroughly discusses the science behind fuel cells in general. Nevertheless, with fuel cell technology, no one can rest on their laurels, and the last few years have seen rapid developments in the. Fuel cell today is the leading source of information and analysis covering the global market for fuel cells.
A fuel cell could be made by feeding in additional copper sulfate solution. Hydrogen fuel cell basics java tutorial olympus life science. A complete, uptodate, introductory guide to fuel cell technology and application. Stationary fuel cell power systems with direct fuelcell. Even though several types of fuel cells exist, they all work. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology ogniwa. The fuel cell is analogous to a battery which is constantly being recharged with fresh reactants. Our new crystalgraphics chart and diagram slides for powerpoint is a collection of over impressively designed datadriven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. Together, these three are often referred to as the membraneelectrode assembly mea, or simply a single cell fuel cell. Focusing on the fundamentals, it provides straightforward descriptions of how fuel cells work, why they offer the potential for high efficiency, and how their unique advantages can best be used. Fuel cells incorporate an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte in between, similar to a battery. Stationary fuel cell application codes and standards. A fastfueled power option for class i, ii and iii electric lift truck fleets that helps achieve productivity improvements, fast fills, and reductions in. Basic fuel cell operation a pemfc converts the chemical energy of a fuel, just as the hydrogen h2, and an oxidizer, just as the oxygen o2, in electrical energy.
Jul 26, 2010 what is a fuel cell a fuel cell is a device that converts energy from one form into another it converts the chemical energy in a fuel into electrical energy and heat. An introduction to fuel cell technology and economics. The authors relied upon the hard work and valuable contributions of many men and women in government and in the fuel cell. Implement generic hydrogen fuel cell stack model simulink. Introduction ponaganset high school fuel cell education. Fuel cell 3d models for download, files in 3ds, max, c4d, maya, blend, obj, fbx with low poly, animated, rigged, game, and vr options. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology by brian cook, heliocentris vancouver, canada whereas the 19th century was the century of the steam engine and the 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine, it is likely that the 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell. Figure 48 irfree electrode performance with o2 and air in 9 n koh at 55 to 60c. Transient behavior is a key requirement for the success of fuel cell vehicles. Stationary fuel cells and critical power applications. The onestep from chemical to electrical energy nature of this process, in comparison to the multistep e.
The fuel cell power system was meant to be a range extender by providing power to the rovers hotel loads, with the scarab providing a mobile platform for the first demonstration of a nonflowthrough fuel cell system on a moving test vehicle. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell. The material used for the electrolyte and the design of the supporting structure determine the type and performance of the fuel cell. A fuel cell produces electricity by means of an electrochemical reaction much like a battery. A fuel cell is a device for directly converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy in a constant temperature process. Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy with high efficiency and low emission of pollutants. This formulation was primarily used to analyze the effect of sudden current changes on the air stoichiometry and net power developed. Box 880 morgantown, west virginia 265070880 october 2000. An important byproduct of this chemical reaction is the electricity generated when hydrogen molecules interact through oxidation with the anode to produce protons and electrons. Fuel cell fundamentals is an introductorylevel textbook covering the basic science and engineering behind fuel cell technology. If the user selects heat or electricity as the free. Fuel cell engine technology hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. Advisor is a matlabsimulink based simulation program for rapid analysis of the performance and fuel economy of light and heavyduty vehicles with conventional gasolinediesel, hybridelectric, fullelectric, and fuel cell powertrains. Stationary fuel cells are the kind used mainly for home, office and largescale power plants.
Department of energys fuel cell technologies office within the office of energy efficiency and renewable energy. There have been more than 6286 fuel cell powered forklift installations since 2003, totaling almost 56 mw. The outline of a typical pemfc is illustrated in fig. Bipolar plates on either side of the cell help distribute gases and serve as current collectors. The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of. Benefits and obstacles to the success of fuel cells and the development of a hydrogen. The purpose of this report is to identify gaps in stationary fuel cell application codes and standards and to recommend actions that provide a means to fill these gaps. Hydrogen is the third free variable, and its value is calculated as the remaining cost. Open005 maintenance the fuel cell system shall be capable of unattended operation for a period of 7 months with no intervening service visits. Chart and diagram slides for powerpoint beautifully designed chart and diagram s for powerpoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. This project holds the latest releases for canonical versions of the advisor software and advanced vehicle simulator. A comprehensive discussion of irreversibility and overvoltage in fuel cells is presented in the literature. This report was funded through argonne national laboratory by the u. The industry is further categorized on application basis.
The composition, pressure and flow rate of each of these streams must be regulated. Our work, leisure, and our economic, social and physical welfare all depend on the sufficient, uninterrupted supply. The fuel cell system also provides secure power in case of. Show full abstract the status of fuel cell powered mhe in 20 and early 2014. As with the hydrogen fuel cell, the free electrons flow from the anode of the cell through. Fuel cell fundamentals provides a thorough introduction to the principles and practicalities behind fuel cell technology. The key to a hydrogen economy ammonia fuel cell systems. Ppt hydrogen fuel cells powerpoint presentation free to. Nov 15, 2001 fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy with high efficiency and low emission of pollutants.
Science applications international corporation under contract no. Design of a fuel cell system design of a specification of requirements for a fuel cell system for the electric power generation in a 77foot sailing ship master of science thesis sebastian emanuelsson jonatan persson department of energy and environment division of electric power engineering chalmers university of technology. Many of these operational characteristics of fuel cell systems are superior to those of conventional power generators. Pemfc dominated with 60% of global revenue in 2015. Polyelectrolyte functionalized carbon nanotubes as efficient metalfree electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. Beginning with the underlying concepts, the discussion explores fuel cell thermodynamics, kinetics, transport, and modeling before moving into the application side with guidance on system types and design, performance, costs. Honda plans to lease approximately 30 fuel cell cars in california and japan during the next several years. To increase the voltage, individual fuel cells are combined in series to form a stack. However, before fuel cell technology can gain a significant share of the. Ammonia as a fuel cell fuel very mild enthalpy of reforming nh 3 is a liquid at room temperature and 10 atm power density is comparable to other liquid fuels vaporizes when throttled no flash line required essentially nonflammable, nonexplosive 180 kwh of electricity from 15 gallons ammonia 38 kg with 50% efficient fuel cell system. Progress and accomplishments in hydrogen and fuel cells pdf. Bacon, who started his alkaline fuel cell afc development in 1932 and presented a practical 5 kw system in 1959.
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy. Fuel cell fundamentals kindle edition by ohayre, ryan, cha, sukwon, colella, whitney, prinz, fritz b download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. Fuel cells are designed to utilize a catalyst, such as platinum, to convert a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into water. An energy partners fuel cell stack was used, which created a. Must supply fuel and oxidant to the cell a batteryyp contains these as part of the device two half cell reactions are involved at an anode and cathode respectively wide variety of different types of fuel cells lets look at one type, the hydrogen pem fuel cell proton exchange membrane proton electrolyte membrane. Fuel cell engine systems hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. First fuel cellfirst fuel cell 3 in 1839, william grove, a british jurist and amateur physicist, first discovered the principle of the fuel cell.
Ec er vact vohm vconc 1 where ec is the fuel cell output voltage, er is the reverse potential for the cell, vact is the activation potential, vohm is the voltage drop due to ohmic losses and vconc. Regenerative fuel cells are a comparatively new type of fuel cell technology that is currently under development by organizations such as nasa. G o of the overall reaction of the fuel cell is given by. The fuel cell system power response is limited only by the air and hydrogen feed.